Impaired vaccine responses in older individuals are associated with alterations in both the
quantity and quality of the T-cell compartment with age. As reviewed herein, the T-cell
response to vaccination requires a fine balance between the generation of inflammatory
effector T cells versus follicular helper T (T FH) cells that mediate high-affinity antibody
production in tandem with the induction of long-lived memory cells for effective recall
immunity. During aging, we find that this balance is tipped where T cells favor short-lived …